9+ Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS: Max Power!


9+ Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS: Max Power!

This engine administration system gives complete management over the Gen 3 LS engine platform. It gives customers with the power to handle varied engine parameters, together with gas supply, ignition timing, and digital transmission management, all by an intuitive interface. The system is commonly utilized in efficiency functions, engine swaps, and tasks requiring exact engine tuning capabilities.

Implementing such a system yields a number of key benefits. Improved engine efficiency, enhanced drivability, and better management over engine parameters are amongst them. Traditionally, these kinds of programs have advanced considerably, progressing from rudimentary gas injection controls to stylish platforms with superior information logging and diagnostic functionalities. This explicit system represents a big step in accessible, user-friendly engine administration.

The next sections will delve into the specifics of its options, set up issues, tuning capabilities, and compatibility elements, offering an in depth understanding of its performance and sensible functions. These elements contribute to understanding its worth inside the automotive efficiency aftermarket.

1. Engine Management Unit (ECU)

The Engine Management Unit (ECU) kinds the core of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system. Because the central processing unit, the ECU straight manages engine operation based mostly on sensor inputs and pre-programmed parameters. The Terminator X Max ECU interprets information from sensors monitoring engine situations equivalent to manifold strain, engine temperature, and crankshaft place, enabling exact management over gas injection, ignition timing, and different crucial features. With out a correctly functioning ECU, the system can’t successfully handle the engine, resulting in lowered efficiency, potential engine injury, or full failure.

For instance, throughout an engine swap, the Holley Terminator X Max ECU replaces the manufacturing unit ECU, providing considerably enhanced tuning capabilities and accommodating modifications like aftermarket camshafts or pressured induction programs. The ECU permits tuners to customise gas and ignition maps, optimizing efficiency for the precise engine configuration. The ECU facilitates exact engine administration and permits diagnostic features by information logging, permitting customers to watch engine well being and establish potential points.

In conclusion, the ECU shouldn’t be merely a element of this engine administration system however moderately its mind and nervous system. It’s crucial for guaranteeing right engine operation and unlocking the complete potential of a modified LS engine. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of the ECU is crucial for correct set up, tuning, and upkeep. The success of any engine construct using this method relies upon closely on the right configuration and administration of the ECU.

2. Wiring Harness Simplicity

The wiring harness design considerably impacts the general set up and operational effectiveness of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS. Its simplicity straight influences set up time, potential errors, and long-term reliability of the engine administration system.

  • Pre-Terminated Connectors

    The wiring harness options pre-terminated connectors which might be designed to straight interface with manufacturing unit sensors and actuators. This reduces the necessity for customized wiring and splicing, minimizing the potential for errors throughout set up. An instance consists of direct connections to gas injectors, coil packs, and coolant temperature sensors. The proper and safe match of those connectors ensures correct sign transmission, important for correct engine administration.

  • Coloration-Coded Wiring

    Coloration-coded wiring is built-in to simplify identification and routing. Every wire is assigned a selected shade comparable to its perform, permitting for easy tracing and troubleshooting. As an illustration, energy wires could be pink, floor wires black, and sensor wires different distinct colours. This facilitates faster identification of wiring faults and simplifies upkeep or modifications.

  • Minimal Wiring Necessities

    The system minimizes the variety of required connections, specializing in important inputs and outputs for engine management. Pointless wiring complexities are prevented, lowering the potential for sign interference or shorts. This method simplifies the set up course of, particularly for customers who could not have in depth expertise with automotive wiring.

  • Harness Routing Design

    The bodily format of the harness is designed to optimize routing and reduce potential interference. Wiring is commonly grouped and shielded to guard towards electromagnetic interference (EMI) from different elements. The harness routing considers potential sources of warmth or mechanical stress, guaranteeing long-term sturdiness and stopping injury to the wiring.

In conclusion, the wiring harness simplicity of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS is a deliberate design alternative that straight contributes to its ease of set up and use. The mix of pre-terminated connectors, color-coded wiring, minimal connection necessities, and optimized routing design enhances person expertise and reduces the probability of set up errors or long-term wiring points, making it a extra accessible choice for a variety of customers, from novice to skilled engine builders.

3. Self-Studying Functionality

The self-learning functionality inside the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system represents a big development in engine administration. This performance permits the system to routinely regulate gas supply based mostly on real-time suggestions from engine sensors, optimizing efficiency and drivability with out requiring in depth guide tuning.

  • Adaptive Gasoline Management

    Adaptive gas management makes use of suggestions from a wideband oxygen sensor to watch the air-fuel ratio (AFR). The ECU constantly adjusts gas supply to keep up a goal AFR, compensating for adjustments in altitude, temperature, and engine load. For instance, throughout a change in elevation, the system can routinely compensate for the lowered air density, guaranteeing constant efficiency with out guide intervention. This functionality is especially useful in autos that function in various environments.

  • Base Calibration Studying

    Upon preliminary set up, the system makes use of a base calibration map. Because the engine operates, the system learns and refines this calibration, optimizing it for the precise engine configuration and driving fashion. As an illustration, if an engine has aftermarket camshafts, the self-learning perform adjusts the gas supply to compensate for the modified airflow traits. This course of reduces the necessity for in depth dyno tuning and permits for gradual optimization over time.

  • Actual-Time Changes

    The self-learning functionality permits real-time changes to gas trims. Quick-term and long-term gas trims are constantly up to date based mostly on sensor information. These changes compensate for minor variations in elements or environmental situations. For instance, if a gas injector is barely clogged, the system will compensate by growing the gas supply to that cylinder. This ensures clean engine operation regardless of minor element variations.

  • Person-Outlined Parameters

    Whereas the system has self-learning capabilities, it additionally gives customers the power to set parameters and limits. These parameters outline the appropriate vary for gas changes. As an illustration, a person can set a most gas trim adjustment to stop over-correction in sure situations. This gives a steadiness between automated optimization and person management, permitting skilled tuners to fine-tune the self-learning course of.

In abstract, the self-learning functionality of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system simplifies engine tuning and optimization. Adaptive gas management, base calibration studying, real-time changes, and user-defined parameters work collectively to create a system that’s each clever and customizable. This function reduces the complexity of engine administration, making it accessible to a wider vary of customers whereas nonetheless offering superior tuning capabilities.

4. Wideband Oxygen Sensor

The wideband oxygen sensor is a crucial element for exact engine administration when using the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system. Its correct measurement of air-fuel ratio (AFR) permits the system’s superior management methods and optimization capabilities. The sensor gives steady suggestions to the ECU, facilitating real-time changes to gas supply.

  • Exact Air-Gasoline Ratio Measurement

    A wideband oxygen sensor measures the AFR over a wider vary in comparison with conventional narrowband sensors. This broader vary permits the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS to precisely monitor and management gas mixtures throughout varied engine working situations, together with lean cruise, stoichiometric combustion, and wealthy energy enrichment. Its accuracy is crucial for optimizing gas effectivity, lowering emissions, and maximizing engine energy output.

  • Closed-Loop Suggestions Management

    The wideband oxygen sensor gives the required suggestions for closed-loop gas management. The ECU makes use of the AFR information to make real-time changes to the gas injectors, sustaining the specified AFR. This closed-loop system ensures constant engine efficiency regardless of variations in working situations, gas high quality, or element put on. For instance, the system can compensate for adjustments in altitude or temperature to keep up a steady AFR.

  • Enhanced Tuning Capabilities

    With the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS, the wideband oxygen sensor information permits extra exact and environment friendly tuning. Tuners can use the AFR readings to create customized gas maps that optimize engine efficiency for particular functions. The system’s information logging capabilities additionally enable customers to watch AFR developments over time, figuring out potential points or areas for enchancment within the engine calibration. This results in optimized energy supply and gas effectivity.

  • Self-Studying Performance

    The wideband oxygen sensor is integral to the self-learning performance of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system. The system makes use of the AFR information to routinely regulate the gas trims, optimizing the engine calibration with out guide intervention. Over time, the system learns the engine’s traits and compensates for variations in elements or working situations. This function reduces the necessity for in depth dyno tuning and ensures constant engine efficiency in various environments.

In conclusion, the wideband oxygen sensor is greater than only a sensor; it’s a cornerstone of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system’s efficiency and performance. Its exact measurement and closed-loop management capabilities allow correct AFR administration, enhanced tuning, and efficient self-learning. The incorporation of a wideband oxygen sensor unlocks the complete potential of the engine administration system, providing important advantages by way of energy, effectivity, and drivability.

5. Touchscreen Interface

The touchscreen interface serves as the first human-machine interface for the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system. Its presence shouldn’t be merely an aesthetic addition; it’s integral to the system’s operability and accessibility. The interface permits customers to watch engine parameters, regulate settings, and diagnose points in actual time, with out the necessity for a separate pc. With out the touchscreen interface, interplay with the superior options of the engine administration system can be considerably hampered. For instance, adjusting gas maps on-the-fly throughout observe days or diagnosing sensor malfunctions throughout troubleshooting can be significantly extra advanced and time-consuming. This element lowers the barrier to entry for customers with various technical ability units, enhancing the system’s practicality in various eventualities.

The advantages of the touchscreen lengthen to each setup and upkeep. Throughout preliminary set up, the interface guides the person by the configuration course of, simplifying the advanced activity of engine calibration. Parameters like goal air-fuel ratios, ignition timing, and sensor calibrations will be adjusted straight by way of the touchscreen, eliminating the necessity for classy software program installations or specialised programming information. Furthermore, the interface’s information logging capabilities present a visible illustration of engine efficiency metrics. It permits customers to establish anomalies, observe developments, and optimize engine settings based mostly on tangible information. Think about a situation the place an engine reveals inconsistent efficiency; the info logging function may pinpoint the precise trigger, equivalent to a defective sensor or insufficient gas supply, enabling environment friendly diagnostics and backbone.

In abstract, the touchscreen interface is a crucial function of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS, offering a user-friendly and environment friendly technique of interacting with the engine administration system. Its real-time monitoring, adjustment capabilities, and diagnostic features improve the general person expertise and contribute considerably to the system’s practicality. Whereas various strategies of interplay exist, the touchscreen consolidates performance, streamlines operation, and democratizes entry to superior engine management.

6. Digital Transmission Assist

The Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS engine administration programs digital transmission help represents a crucial function for autos geared up with electronically managed computerized transmissions. With out this help, integrating a contemporary LS engine right into a automobile with such a transmission turns into considerably extra advanced, usually requiring standalone transmission controllers and complex wiring modifications. This functionality permits for seamless communication between the engine and transmission, optimizing general automobile efficiency and drivability. For instance, in an engine swap situation, the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS can handle each the engine and transmission features, eliminating the necessity for separate management programs and guaranteeing coordinated operation.

The system’s transmission management performance permits for the adjustment of assorted parameters, together with shift factors, shift firmness, and torque converter lockup. This allows customers to tailor the transmission habits to their particular wants, whether or not for improved gas economic system, enhanced acceleration, or towing efficiency. Think about a situation the place a automobile is used for each every day commuting and weekend racing; the system will be programmed with totally different transmission profiles which might be simply switchable, optimizing the automobile for every particular use case. Moreover, this help continuously extends to superior options equivalent to paddle shifting and transbrake management, providing further efficiency advantages for racing functions.

In conclusion, digital transmission help is a crucial attribute of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS, streamlining engine swaps, enhancing general automobile efficiency, and enabling customizable transmission habits. Its integration right into a single management unit simplifies the complexity of managing each engine and transmission features, making it a beneficial asset for a variety of automotive functions. The absence of this performance would necessitate using supplementary controllers, considerably growing set up complexity and value.

7. Information Logging Performance

Information logging performance inside the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system gives a complete report of engine parameters, enabling detailed evaluation of engine efficiency and identification of potential points. This functionality is crucial for optimizing engine tuning, diagnosing mechanical issues, and guaranteeing long-term engine well being.

  • Parameter Recording

    The system information a variety of engine parameters, together with RPM, manifold absolute strain (MAP), throttle place, air-fuel ratio (AFR), ignition timing, coolant temperature, and oil strain. This complete information set permits for an in depth understanding of engine habits underneath varied working situations. For instance, throughout a dyno run, information logging can be utilized to watch AFR and regulate gas maps to optimize energy output. The flexibility to report these parameters over time is crucial for diagnosing intermittent points that will not be obvious throughout real-time monitoring.

  • Diagnostic Capabilities

    Recorded information will be analyzed to diagnose engine issues, equivalent to misfires, lean situations, or overheating. By analyzing the recorded values of related parameters, it’s doable to establish the foundation reason behind the issue and implement corrective actions. For instance, a sudden drop in oil strain throughout a high-RPM run may point out a failing oil pump. Information logging permits the identification of such issues earlier than they trigger catastrophic engine injury.

  • Tuning Optimization

    Information logging performance facilitates the optimization of engine tuning. By analyzing the recorded AFR, ignition timing, and different parameters, tuners can refine the gas and ignition maps to maximise energy output, enhance gas economic system, and improve drivability. For instance, after putting in a brand new camshaft, information logging can be utilized to find out the optimum gas and ignition settings for the brand new configuration. This iterative course of of knowledge assortment and tuning adjustment results in optimized engine efficiency.

  • Fault Identification

    The system information diagnostic bother codes (DTCs) and related information, enabling customers to establish and tackle engine faults. When a DTC is triggered, the system information the situations that led to the fault, offering beneficial info for troubleshooting. For instance, if a lean code is triggered, the info log will present the AFR, MAP, and different related parameters on the time of the fault. This info can be utilized to diagnose the reason for the lean situation, equivalent to a vacuum leak or a failing gas injector.

In conclusion, the info logging performance of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system is a beneficial software for engine tuning, diagnostics, and upkeep. The flexibility to report and analyze engine parameters gives customers with the knowledge wanted to optimize engine efficiency, establish potential issues, and guarantee long-term engine well being. The insights derived from information logs are important for maximizing the advantages of the engine administration system.

8. Superior Tuning Choices

Superior tuning choices are a pivotal function of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS engine administration system. These choices allow customers to fine-tune engine parameters past the system’s self-learning capabilities, offering a excessive diploma of management over engine efficiency, gas effectivity, and general drivability. This degree of customization is crucial for maximizing the potential of modified engines and adapting to particular software necessities.

  • Gasoline Map Customization

    Gasoline map customization permits customers to regulate the quantity of gas injected at totally different engine speeds and masses. This performance is essential for optimizing the air-fuel ratio (AFR) for optimum energy output or gas effectivity. For instance, customers can create richer gas mixtures at excessive RPMs for elevated energy or leaner mixtures at cruising speeds for improved gas economic system. The flexibility to change gas maps ensures that the engine receives the exact quantity of gas wanted for optimum efficiency underneath all situations.

  • Ignition Timing Management

    Ignition timing management permits exact administration of when the spark plugs fireplace in relation to the piston place. Adjusting ignition timing can considerably influence engine energy, torque, and gas effectivity. Advancing the timing can improve energy, however extreme development can result in detonation. Retarding the timing can scale back detonation danger however might also lower energy. The Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS permits customers to fine-tune ignition timing throughout your complete RPM vary, optimizing efficiency for particular engine configurations and gas sorts.

  • Rev Limiter Adjustment

    Rev limiter adjustment protects the engine from over-revving by slicing off gas or ignition at a user-defined RPM. This function prevents engine injury that may happen when exceeding the engine’s protected working vary. The Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS gives exact management over the rev limiter, permitting customers to set applicable limits based mostly on the engine’s specs and meant use. This ensures engine longevity and prevents pricey repairs.

  • Sensor Calibration

    Sensor calibration permits customers to fine-tune the readings from varied engine sensors, such because the MAP sensor, throttle place sensor (TPS), and coolant temperature sensor (CTS). Correct sensor readings are essential for correct engine administration, and the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS gives instruments to calibrate these sensors for optimum efficiency. For instance, if a sensor is thought to have a slight offset, it may be calibrated to make sure correct readings, that are important for exact gas and ignition management.

In conclusion, the superior tuning choices accessible inside the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system present customers with the power to fine-tune engine parameters for optimum efficiency, gas effectivity, and engine safety. These choices, together with gas map customization, ignition timing management, rev limiter adjustment, and sensor calibration, allow customers to adapt the engine administration system to their particular wants and optimize engine efficiency for a variety of functions. The flexibleness and management provided by these superior tuning choices are a key issue within the system’s reputation amongst engine builders and efficiency fans.

9. Compatibility/LS Engine Swaps

The utility of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS is considerably amplified within the context of LS engine swaps. An LS engine swap entails changing an engine in a automobile with an engine from the Common Motors LS engine household. This process is continuously undertaken to reinforce automobile efficiency or to modernize an older automobile. The compatibility of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS with a wide selection of LS engine variants makes it a first-rate candidate for managing these swaps. With out a suitable engine administration system, the method of integrating an LS engine into a special chassis turns into considerably extra advanced, usually necessitating customized wiring harnesses and in depth tuning experience. The Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS simplifies this course of, offering a pre-engineered answer for controlling gas supply, ignition, and digital transmission features inside the swapped software. A sensible instance entails putting in an LS3 engine right into a basic muscle automobile. The system would deal with the gas injection and ignition timing, adapting to the brand new engine’s particular necessities, thereby modernizing the automobile’s powertrain and efficiency.

Moreover, the compatibility extends past primary engine management. The Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS gives options which might be significantly useful in swap eventualities, equivalent to digital transmission management, which permits the administration of contemporary computerized transmissions usually paired with LS engines. Information logging capabilities allow monitoring of engine efficiency after the swap, facilitating fine-tuning and drawback prognosis. The self-learning performance assists in quickly optimizing the engines calibration for its new surroundings. As an illustration, if an engine swap consists of the addition of aftermarket elements like a efficiency camshaft or headers, the system can adapt the gas and ignition maps to maximise the efficiency beneficial properties from these modifications. This adaptability is crucial to realizing the complete potential of an LS engine in a various vary of functions.

In abstract, compatibility with LS engine swaps is an integral side of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS programs design and goal. It gives a standardized and streamlined answer for managing the complexities related to integrating LS engines into varied autos. Whereas challenges related to wiring and sensor calibration can nonetheless come up, the system drastically reduces the general effort required and ensures the next chance of a profitable engine swap. Its advantages, together with digital transmission management, information logging, and self-learning capabilities, contribute to its widespread adoption inside the automotive efficiency group.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

The next part addresses widespread inquiries relating to the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS engine administration system, offering concise and factual responses to advertise a clearer understanding of its capabilities and limitations.

Query 1: What particular LS engine variants are supported by the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS?

The system is designed for compatibility with a variety of Gen 3 LS engines, together with however not restricted to the LS1, LM7, and LR4. Compatibility is commonly contingent upon particular wiring harness configurations and sensor compatibility. Verification of compatibility with a selected engine code is really helpful prior to buy.

Query 2: Does the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS require skilled set up and tuning?

Whereas the system is designed for comparatively easy set up, skilled set up and tuning are really helpful, significantly for customers with out in depth expertise in engine administration programs. Skilled tuning can optimize efficiency and forestall potential engine injury.

Query 3: What kind of wideband oxygen sensor is required for optimum efficiency?

The system is usually designed to perform with particular wideband oxygen sensor fashions, usually using a Bosch LSU 4.9 sensor. Compatibility with a selected sensor must be verified within the programs documentation.

Query 4: Can the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS management digital transmissions from totally different producers?

The system is primarily designed for GM digital transmissions generally discovered with LS engines, such because the 4L60E and 4L80E. Compatibility with transmissions from different producers could require further adapters or modifications.

Query 5: What information logging capabilities are provided by the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS?

The system is able to logging quite a few engine parameters, together with RPM, MAP, AFR, ignition timing, and coolant temperature. The information will be downloaded and analyzed utilizing Holley EFI software program to optimize engine efficiency and diagnose potential points.

Query 6: Is the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS suitable with pressured induction programs?

The system is designed to help pressured induction, together with turbochargers and superchargers. The system accommodates changes to gas supply and ignition timing crucial for boosted functions.

The knowledge offered goals to make clear key elements of the system and its capabilities. You will need to seek the advice of the official documentation for exact technical specs and set up tips.

The next part will deal with evaluating the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS to different engine administration programs.

Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS

Efficient implementation of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system necessitates cautious consideration to element all through the set up and configuration course of. Adherence to established finest practices can considerably improve system efficiency and longevity.

Tip 1: Confirm Engine Compatibility: Previous to set up, affirm that the chosen Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS package is explicitly suitable with the goal engine variant. Discrepancies in sensor sorts or wiring configurations can result in operational failures. Seek the advice of the official Holley documentation to determine particular engine code compatibility.

Tip 2: Meticulous Wiring Practices: The integrity of the wiring harness is paramount. Guarantee all connections are safe and correctly insulated. Keep away from routing the harness close to sources of extreme warmth or potential mechanical abrasion. Adhere strictly to the wiring diagrams supplied within the set up guide.

Tip 3: Optimize Wideband Oxygen Sensor Placement: The wideband oxygen sensor must be positioned strategically within the exhaust system. Usually, this entails placement downstream of the exhaust manifold however upstream of any catalytic converters. Make sure the sensor is oriented to stop moisture accumulation, which might result in untimely failure.

Tip 4: Set up a Strong Grounding System: A strong grounding system is crucial for minimizing electrical noise and guaranteeing correct sensor readings. Join the system floor wire on to the engine block or chassis floor. Confirm that the grounding level is freed from corrosion and gives a low-resistance path to floor.

Tip 5: Make the most of Information Logging for Preliminary Tuning: Make use of the system’s information logging capabilities extensively in the course of the preliminary tuning part. Monitor crucial engine parameters equivalent to AFR, ignition timing, and manifold strain to establish any anomalies or areas for enchancment. Analyze the logged information methodically to refine the gas and ignition maps.

Tip 6: Calibrate Sensors Precisely: Previous to commencing tuning, confirm the accuracy of all sensor calibrations. Discrepancies in sensor readings can result in inaccurate gas and ignition calculations, leading to poor engine efficiency or potential injury. Make the most of the Holley EFI software program to calibrate sensors in keeping with the producers specs.

Tip 7: Monitor Gasoline Strain Persistently: Preserve a constant gas strain to make sure correct gas supply. Set up a gas strain gauge and monitor the strain all through the engine’s working vary. Deal with any fluctuations or strain drops instantly to stop lean situations or engine injury.

Diligent adherence to those implementation ideas can facilitate a profitable set up and configuration of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS system, leading to optimized engine efficiency and enhanced reliability.

The following part will present a comparative evaluation of the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS towards various engine administration options.

Conclusion

The previous evaluation has detailed the attributes and implementation issues pertinent to the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS engine administration system. Key elements examined embrace ECU performance, wiring simplicity, self-learning capabilities, wideband oxygen sensor integration, touchscreen interface usability, digital transmission help, information logging performance, and superior tuning choices. Its compatibility with LS engine swaps additional solidifies its place inside the aftermarket efficiency sector.

Finally, the Holley Terminator X Max Gen 3 LS represents a complete engine administration answer for particular functions. Cautious analysis of particular person undertaking necessities, mixed with meticulous set up and calibration practices, stays paramount to reaching optimum efficiency and guaranteeing long-term reliability. Impartial analysis and session with certified professionals are strongly suggested earlier than making any implementation selections.